<p>The Blae Loch is a small freshwater loch situated in a hollow in a low-lying area beneath Blaelochhead Hill in the Parish of Beith, North Ayrshire, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch is a natural feature, a post-glacial Kettle Hole once of a greater extent, fed mainly by local springs, the Highgate Burn which itself arises as a spring near Little Highgate and field drainage. The loch is recorded in the placenames of Blaelochhead, Lochend, and Blaelochside.</p><br>
<p>The name Blae is Scots for dark, livid, or black. The first known description in circa 1604 gives the name as Blaa-loche and states that quhen the firmament is moft ferene and cleir then its is palide and dead coloured contrair to all wther vn-corrupt and fueit vatters. A Bungle in Scots is a “Big clod of earth turned up in harrowing.</p><br>
<p>The New Statistical Account of 1845 refers to it as having been partially drained.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 it was part of the estate of Hessilhead, owned by William Ralston-Patrick of Trearne. In 2011 the loch ownership was owned shared between the owners of Blaelochhead Farm and Lochend House.</p><br>
<p>The Bungle Burn outflow runs on down country, past the old mill site, Mossend and Tandlehill Farms, before making a confluence with the Lugton Water near the Bungleburn Bridge outside Burnhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>Ordnance Survey maps of the mid 19th century show that a substantial water mill with a square garden area once existed near Wester Highgate; it had a large mill pond associated with it, fed by the Bungle Burn running from the Blae Loch. The name is also recorded in the former limestone Old Mill Quarry. Roys map of 1747 shows the mill and even then marks it as an old&#39; mill, suggesting that it was out of use at this time. An old lane ran up to the old mill site from the hamlet of Hessilhead.</p><br>
<p>The loch is recorded in 1604-1608 as being well known to many weavers in the neighbourhood due to the abundance of reeds that grew there and the fact that they were used for making pirns. In 1874 it is recorded that the loch margin had an edging of water-lilies (Nymphaea species). A pirn was a weaver’s spool for holding his weft yarn in the shuttle, originally made from a quill or hollow reed, in later times they were made from wood.</p><br>
<p>A Blae Loch Curling Club existed in the 19th century as recorded by the Royal Caledonian Curling Club. A club medal is still in existence.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The solid geology is macroporphyritic basalt with carboniferous limestone at the Middleton Quarry site and these are both overlain by low river terrace and lake alluvium. A whinstone crag and old quarry site sit close to Lochend Farm.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, shows the loch as a significant body of water, extending almost as far as the old Whitestone Mill (Coldstream Mill). Herman Molls map of 1745 marks, but does not name the loch. Roys map of 1747 clearly shows the loch, situated without two inflow burns and the habitations of Loch End and Blea Loch Head. Armstrongs map of 1775 does not show the loch. Thomsons map of 1832 marks and records Blae Loch.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The site is a designated Local Wildlife Site following a survey in 1981 by the Scottish Wildlife Trust and others. The survey recorded that the site is a Phragmites dominated area with open water. The surveyors record that "The loch is surrounded to a great extent by bed of reed canary grass with a dense zone of the sedge Carex aquatilis. There is a good admixture of marsh species, and an admixture of willow (Salix) species in the north-east section. In the surrounding fields there is an interesting interaction between the field ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and the marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus), giving rise to a substantial amount of the hybrid Senecio x osterfeldii. There is a good floristic structure at the site and it is also of real importance due to the presence of the very rare Cowbane (Cicuta virosa).</p><br>
<p>Kestrel, Reed Bunting, Water Rail, Robin, Starling, Snipe, Mallard, and Swans have been recorded here. Rare species are Carex aquatilis, Brown edge (Carex disticha), Cowbane (Cicuta virosa), White water lily (Nymphaea alba), Ivy-leaved water crowfoot (Ranunculus hederaceus), and Bay willow (salix pentandra).</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>Lochend Farm was partly constructed from whinstone taken from the nearby quarry.</p><br>
<p>Middleton Quarry was for a time used as a site for testing explosives by Nobel Explosives, Ardreer. The quarry has been infilled.</p><br>
<p>Several other Blae Lochs are located in North Ayrshire and elsewhere in Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The Garden of the Missing in Action  is an unknown soldier memorial and commemorative garden on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem dedicated to Israeli MIAs.</p><br>
<p>The garden memorializes fighters and officers of the Israel Defense Forces and pre-state MIAs starting from 1914, whose resting place is unknown. The garden was inaugurated in February 2004 in a ceremony attended by army chiefs, the Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz, and members of the Jerusalem Municipality. The garden also contains memorials to those lost aboard the submarine INS Dakar and the "23 Who Went Down at Sea" of May 1941. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, over 400 Israeli soldiers have been declared "Missing in Action." The construction of the Garden of the Missing on Mt. Herzl was initiated and headed by Moshe Oren, as head of the Ministry of Defense Commemoration Division.</p><br>
<p>An annual memorial service for the Missing Soldiers of Israel takes place in the garden&#39;s main plaza on the Seventh of Adar, the day in the Hebrew calendar which marks the traditional date of the death of Moses, whose grave is known only to God, according to the Hebrew Bible.</p><br>
<p>Brown Gelly is a tor, hill and ridge near Dozmary Pool on Bodmin Moor near Liskeard in Cornwall, UK.</p><br>
<p>At its foot lies Browngelly Downs, and the area has preserved various remains of hut circles, barrows and cairns. Five cairns are located in a semi-circular arc along the ridge of Brown Gelly. They are prominent from a distance and Christopher Tilley suggests they were intended to be seen as a group from the west and the east in order to "analogically resemble or simulate tors". The tor is made of a granitic rock that has less autogenic alteration than other areas of Bodmin Moor due to some type of local anomaly. Archaeological aerial reconnaissance was carried out over the area in the 1980s which suggested the remains of a prehistoric settlement comprising several dispersed hut circles. These structures have also been called a "barrow group" by John Barnatt Evidence of flint production and tin streaming has also been found in the area that supports the suggestion of an ancient settlement.</p><br>
<p>Chäserrugg  is a mountain in Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann municipality, Toggenburg, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, rising to 2,262 m.</p><br>
<p>It is the easternmost of the "seven peaks" of the Churfirsten, the other six being, running east to west, Hinterrugg (2,306 m),</p><br>
<p>Schibenstoll (2,234 m), Zuestoll (2,235 m), Brisi (2,279 m), Frümsel (2,263 m), Selun (2,205 m).</p><br>
<p>In spite of its being counted among the "seven peaks", it has a modest prominence of just 14 m, forming part of the ridge ascending to Hinterrugg.</p><br>
<p>Part of Toggenburg&#39;s ski resort, it is reached from Unterwasser (911 m) by funicular (opened 1934) to Iltios (1,339 m) and from there by aerial lift (opened 1972).</p><br>
<p>The mountains name translates to "cheesemakers ridge" and is properly the name of the ridge ascending towards it from the north, beginning at Ruggschöpf at about 1,800 m and was only transferred to the "peak" when the "seven Churfirsten" were systematized in the late 19th or early 20th century; in the 19th century, there was also a fashion of etymologizing the name of the Churfirsten range as Kurfürsten "prince-electors", which occasionally inspired a name variant Kaiserruck "emperor&#39;s back" for Chäserrugg.</p><br>
<p>Stannon stone circle, Stannon circle or Stannon is a stone circle located near St. Breward on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Stannon takes its name from the nearby farm and is sited between two streams on the gentle slopes of Dinnever Hill, two and a half miles southeast of Camelford. It is overlooked on one side by a massive china clay works that now blights the landscape. The circle&#39;s remoteness is part of its charm with only the wild animals of the moor likely to be encountered.</p><br>
<p>Stannon stone circle is a fine example of a Cornish ring and contains 47 upright stones, 30 recumbent and 2 displaced regularly spaced within an impressive 42.6 m by 40.5 m metre circle with four outlying, jagged stones. The stones average size is around 0.5 m with the largest stone in the group having a base width of over 1.2 m. Like Fernacre, Stannon is an example of Alexander Thom&#39;s Type A flattened circle, being noticeably flattened on the north side. The circle dates from either the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. Aubrey Burl and contended that they may be earlier in date than other circles in the southern area of the moors such as the Stripple stones. John Barnatt suggested this dating and surveyed the site.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Excavations in the area of Stannon Down were carried out by R. J. Mercer in the late 1960s. He was able to study eight unenclosed round house sites that were suggested to be a settlement of over twenty, approximately 6 m to 8 m metres in diameter covering an area of approximately 150 m x 100 m with fields for farming along with rectangular enclosures tentatively identified as corrals or used for stock control and have shown that the area would have been close to mixed oak woodlands and oaks would have grown in the area that would probably have been cleared in the first phases of settlement. Houses were constructed of posts, supporting thatched roofs, partitioned with wood with paved or compressed earth floors, incorporating drainage and furniture. Pottery, flint tools were discovered along with a whetstone that suggested the possibility of metal blades. The settlement was estimated to have a population of around one hundred people and dated to the Middle Bronze Age, a later date than suggested for the circle itself.</p><br>
<h2>Alignments</h2><br>
<p>When standing in the supposed centre of Stannon Circle, a point between twenty-two and twenty-eight degrees north from east is marked by Rough Tor. Matthew Gregory Lewis found a relation of these monuments to the neighbouring hills which indicated that they were designed with special consideration of the position of the sunrise at certain times of year. Andy M. Jones reviews studies of the area and called Stannon a Ceremonial Complex.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Mercer, R. J., The excavation of a Bronze Age hut-circle settlement, Stannon Down, St. Breward, Cornwall., Cornish Archaeology 9, pp. 17–46, 1968.</p><br>
<p>Mercer, R. J. & Dimbleby, G. W., Pollen analysis and the hut circle settlement at Stannon Down., Cornish Archaeology 17, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Nine-Mile Island is a river island located in Mosalem Township, Dubuque County, Iowa, between Dubuque, Iowa and Bellevue, Iowa on the Upper Mississippi River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nine-Mile Island is situated within Pool 12 of the Upper Mississippi River, between Locks and Dams Nos. 11 and 12. The head (northwestern end) of the island is at UMR river mile 574.3, with the southeastern end at mile 571.5. It is about 2 miles long and.5 mile at its widest point, with a total area of 454 acres.</p><br>
<p>The island is immediately downriver from Frentress Lake, site of a popular marina in East Dubuque, Illinois and the former dock of the Silver Eagle Casino. It is adjacent to the unincorporated community of Massey, Iowa, which houses marina facilities. The island is bordered on the southwest by Molo Slough and on the northeast by the USACE&#39;s nine-foot navigation channel. Since it is on the Mississippi River, Nine-Mile Island is on the extreme eastern side of Iowa, adjacent to its border with Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The USACE also maintains two aids to navigation on the island: Nine-Mile Island Daybeacon at UMR river mile 573.5, and Nine-Mile Island Light at mile 571.5, both on the right descending bank.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands name comes from the fact that its head is located nine river miles below Eagle Point (42.535&deg;N latitude, 90.645&deg;W longitude). It was also historically known as Shinkles Island, as evidenced by the Army Corps Shinkles Island Bar Daybeacon at UMR mile 574.1 on the left descending bank (Illinois side of the river).</p><br>
<p>The island was also the site of a steamboat race in 1885 between the DAN THAYER and CLYDE.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Nine-Mile Island is densely forested, save for a sandy beach at the head of the island which is popular with vacationers. The area is characterized by numerous sloughs and backwaters, and the island surrounds Horseshoe Lake and Green Lake. Classified as public land, the island is part of both the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge and the Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of dams on the Upper Mississippi, thousands of wingdams regulated the flow of the river. Multiple remnants of these common structures are still present near the island. There is also a 1/2-mile revetment on the north side of the island and a 1/4-mile revetment on the southeastern end.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Since the island is just southeast of the Dubuque metropolitan area, it is a popular destination for boaters and picnickers. There are no roads on the island. Boats must be careful not to drop anchor at the head of the island, since there is an underground natural gas pipeline buried there, formerly owned by Enron Gas Pipeline Co.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Cathedral is the cathedral and parish church in the Diocese of Cheyenne located in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Reverend William Kelly founded the parish as St. John the Baptist in 1867 and erected a frame church. Ten years later, a brick structure replaced it. After Pope Leo XIII established the Diocese of Cheyenne in 1887 the church was rededicated to St. Mary. The congregation outgrew the brick church and Bishop James J. Keane, third bishop of Cheyenne, started plans to build a new cathedral and bishop&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the new cathedral began in 1906. The architectural firm of Fisher and Lowery from Omaha designed the building. Bishop Keane and the Reverend James A. Duffy acquired the necessary funds and a site for construction. An estimated 5,000 people attended the laying of the cornerstone on Sunday, July 7, 1907. Prominent Wyoming builder Moses Patrick Keefe was responsible for constructing the cathedral. The sandstone for the exterior was quarried at Iron Mountain, north of Cheyenne. On January 31, 1909, Bishop Maurice Burke of St. Joseph, Missouri, who had been the first bishop of Cheyenne, consecrated the cathedral. Bishop John Carroll of Helena, Montana delivered the sermon.</p><br>
<p>The 135 by cathedral is in the Gothic Revival style and features two side galleries and a rear organ loft. The ceiling is supported by steel and concrete arches faced with oak.</p><br>
<p>The total construction costs equaled $125,000, and the building was debt-free when completed. The stained glass windows are donated memorials crafted in Europe. The large Madonna window in the organ loft was a gift of the Knights of Columbus. Parish records do not contain information about the artists or installation dates. In 1962, the parish added a structure east of the cathedral to house meeting and activity rooms at a cost of $200,000.</p><br>
<p>The Visser-Rowland Organ Company constructed its Opus 92 for the cathedral in 1991. The instrument features 38 stops and 53 ranks and was dedicated in March, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Jbel Saghro or Djebel Sahrho  is a mountain range in southern Morocco. It is located south of the High Atlas and east of the Anti-Atlas in the northwest of Africa, northeast of Taliouine and southwest of Ouarzazate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Jbel Saghro is an eastern prolongation of the Anti-Atlas, separated from it by the valley of the Draâ. To the north of the range runs the valley of the Dadès, separating it from the massive High Atlas Range.</p><br>
<p>Saghro in the Tamazight language means drought, an apt name considering that the Jbel Saghro is the driest mountain area of the whole Atlas Mountain System. Since it is located in the inland side of the greater range this massif does not benefit from the Atlantic Ocean winds that bring humidity to the Anti-Atlas ranges further to the west as well as other ocean-facing ranges further north. Annual rainfall is only 100 mm in the southern slopes and 300 mm at the summits. However, the desolation of the harsh landscapes of the massive dry mountains with the many areas of bare rock and the austere, lunar beauty does not leave anyone unimpressed. Therefore these mountain area is popular with trekkers and adventure-tourists.</p><br>
<p>The highest summit of the range is 2,712 m high Amalou nMansour, located southeast of the village of Iknioun; other notable peaks are 2,592 m high Jbel Kouaouch, Jbel Afougal (2,196 m) and Jbel Amlal (2,447 m). One of the most important mountain passes of the range is the 2,283 m high Tizi nTazazert.</p><br>
<p>The Jbel Saghro area is a traditional region of the Aït Atta Berber tribe. It is sparsely inhabited, the only notable villages being N&#39;Kob and Tazzarine. There are cave paintings in certain areas of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>San Pedro Nolasco Island, sometimes called Seal Island, is a small and rugged Mexican island in the Gulf of California. It is 4.2 km long by 1 km wide, and lies 15 km from the nearest point of the Mexican coast and about 28 km west of the resort town of San Carlos on the coast of the Sonoran Desert. The island is protected as a nature reserve and its coastal waters are well known as a sport fishing and diving site.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is home to an endemic cactus Echinocereus websterianus. Endemic fauna include the San Pedro Nolasco Island spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura nolascenensis) and, formerly, Pemberton&#39;s deer mouse (Peromyscus pembertoni ), a rodent which is now extinct. Large numbers of California sea lions frequent its surrounding waters and use the island as a haul-out.</p><br>
<h2>Popular dive sites</h2><br>
<p>* Magdalena Bay</p><br>
<p>* Lighthouse</p><br>
<p>* The Little Waterfall</p><br>
<p>* The Cave</p><br>
<p>* The Beach</p><br>
<p>* La Lobera</p><br>
<p>* North Point</p><br>
<p>* The Window</p><br>
<p>* Pelican Point</p><br>
<p>* The Cavern</p><br>
<p>* The Rookery</p><br>
<p>* South Point</p><br>
<h3>Magdalena Bay</h3><br>
<p>Magdalena Bay is a beautiful little protected cove on the southeast corner of the island. The water depths inside the bay are shallow, making it an excellent site for novice divers and snorkelers. Consistent water clarity and amazing bio-diversity offers even the most advanced divers an unforgettable experience. The gravel beach seems to be a favorite resting place with the sea lions. Large numbers of sea lion pups, guarded by a dominant male can be observed during the summer months.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouse</h3><br>
<h3>The Little Waterfall</h3><br>
<h3>The Cave</h3><br>
<h3>The Beach</h3><br>
<h3>La Lobera</h3><br>
<h3>North Point</h3><br>
<h3>The Window</h3><br>
<h3>Pelican Point</h3><br>
<h3>The Cavern</h3><br>
<h3>The Rookery</h3><br>
<h3>South Point</h3><br>
<h2>Transportation and island access</h2><br>
<p>Arrangements for transportation to and from San Pedro Nolasco Island can be made through numerous charter boat operators and dive shops in nearby San Carlos. However, to go ashore at San Pedro Nolasco as well as most of the Islands in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) a special permit must be purchased from the Mexican government. Such permits can be obtained at the local offices of the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas).</p><br>
<p>Woeber Carriage Works, also known as the Davenport Plow Works, is a historic building located on Lot 3, Block 20 of the original town of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties on November 15, 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built around 1880 for the Davenport Plow Works. The property was formerly the location for First Presbyterian Church. The Classified Business Directory of August 1881 indicates the company was located at 310-324 W. 3rd Street. The 1886 Sanborn Fire Insurance map indicates that the building at 312 W. Third Street housed a machine shop, “setting up” and storage on all three floors of the front section. The stone structure attached to the rear of the building, which is possibly older, housed polishing and grinding on the first floor and storage on the second floor. The rest of the Davenport Plow Works was in the building immediately to the west.</p><br>
<p>In subsequent years the building housed various other businesses. Peter A. Reimers & James Larkin occupied the building from 1898–1910, with P.A. Reimers, who manufactured cornices, skylights, slate and metal roofs, occupying it for a further year. The Benner Tea Co. (1915–1918), Federal System of Bakeries (1920), the Chicago Butchers Market Co. (1925), Safe-Way Markets (1930), and Atlas Cigar (1940) all occupied the building. A nightclub by the name of the Carriage Haus now occupies the building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is three stories and constructed of brick. Its foundation is likely constructed of stone. There is a two-story structure attached to the rear. The brick portion of the building is rectangular in shape with a flat roof. The façade is divided into three parts: the storefront, the upper wall and the cornice. The building retains its original dual entrances, which were not always recessed, and the exposed steel beam that separates the storefront from the top two stories. The windows on the upper floors are organized in two sets of three on both floors. It emphasizes the two sides of the building. Each window features a segmentally arched header and a stone sill. The cornice is composed of patterned brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The stone structure in the back is also rectangular and features a hipped roof. The double-hung windows are the dominant feature of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Camp McClellan is a former Union Army camp in the USA state of Iowa that was established in Davenport in August 1861 after the outbreak of the American Civil War. The camp was the training grounds for recruits and a hospital for the wounded. In 1863 it became a prison camp called Camp Kearney for members of the Sioux, or Dakota, tribe that were involved in raids in Minnesota. The camp was decommissioned after the release of the prisoners in 1866.</p><br>
<h2>Camp McClellan</h2><br>
<p>The land the camp was built on belonged to Thomas Russel Allen of St. Louis, Missouri and consisted of over 300 acre. The property was directly across the Mississippi River from the Rock Island Arsenal, that was also the site of a prisoner of war camp that held Confederate soldiers. Iowa&#39;s Adjutant General Nathaniel B. Baker moved his offices to Davenport and established Camp McClellan as a training camp for the volunteer soldiers. Lieutenant Colonel William Hall was responsible for organizing and running the camp. The camp was named in honor of General George B. McClellan.</p><br>
<p>It was the largest of the five camps that were in and around the city of Davenport. They were also treated in the camp&#39;s hospital and mustered out from the camp when the war was over. J. W. Willard was given the contract to construct the necessary buildings and a local company, French & Davis, provided the lumber. They built a dozen frame buildings with 52 double berths for bunks, a mess hall, a commissary, a canteen, a granary and officers quarters. There were enough stalls for over 100 horses. More barracks were completed as quickly as possible because of the large number of recruits that were coming into the camp. A thousand recruits would have been at Camp McClellan at one time after it first opened. Because of the haste, the quarters were poorly constructed and started to leak. Lieutenant Colonel Hall was put in charge to bring the camp up to military standards, maximize security and training efficiency. Colonel Hare of Muscatine, Iowa took over for Hall on October 11, 1861.</p><br>
<p>Camp McClellan was the rendezvous of the Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Sixteenth regiments of infantry, and also of recruits for the older regiments. The number of troops at the camp was diminished by April 1862 and the Relief Association of Davenport began to refit the camp for an army hospital. However, it was thought the war would soon be over and it was decided that the camp was needed as a prison camp and so walls were built. Despite these plans the war raged on and the number of recruits increased, especially after the draft was instituted.</p><br>
<p>As the sick and wounded returned from the war, they were brought to the camp&#39;s hospital. It contained a pharmacy, clean rooms, and a dietary kitchen that were influenced by Iowa Sanitary Agent Annie Wittenmyer.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Kearney</h2><br>
<p>Camp McClellan became a prison camp of a different kind in 1863. The federal government imprisoned 277 male members of the Sioux tribe, 16 women and two children and one member of the Ho-Chunk tribe, also known as the Winnebago. The men were involved in the Dakota War of 1862 in Minnesota and were held in the camp as prisoners because President Abraham Lincoln commuted their death sentences. It was felt that Davenport was far enough away from Minnesota to protect the Native Americans from lynch mobs. The steamboat Favorite arrived from Mankato, Minnesota on April 25. The prisoners were taken to their quarters without incident. They were given beef and four bushels of corn per day, and ten of the women were assigned to cook. They were also given bread, which they did not like.</p><br>
<p>A wall was built in December 1863 along the western road that traveled through the camp so as to separate the Native Americans from the recruits. The prison camp portion was renamed Camp Kearney and it was reconfigured to house the guards and the officers. Conditions in the camp became unsanitary and there was some hostility on the part of local citizens that the native Americans were there. The hostile sentiments died down enough that labor parties were taken to work in the nearby farm fields. Major Ten Broeck and Captain Judd, who were in charge of the prison, assured the community that they would be kept safe.</p><br>
<p>President Lincoln pardoned and freed 27 of the Sioux in August 1864. and they were sent to the Dakota Territories. On April 10, 1866 President Andrew Johnson released the 177 remaining prisoners from the camp to a reservation in Santee, Nebraska. The rest of the Native Americans who were held prisoner died in the camp and were buried in unmarked graves in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Scientists from the Davenport Academy of Natural Science opened four graves on July 25, 1878. They removed several skulls for study and the Putnam Museum, as the Academy is now called, retained the skulls in their collection until the state of Iowa enacted burial site protection and reburial laws. In 1986 the Putnam Museum transferred the skeletal remains in its collection to the Office of the State Archeologist of Iowa. The 23 skulls in the collection were given to the Dakota tribe at Morton, Minnesota for burial. In 2005 the Dakota held a memorial ceremony on the former site of Camp Kearney.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>After General Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865, the War Department ordered that the camp fire one hundred guns and turn out the military in full regalia. As the Gazette, a local paper, commented, “There being no cannon here and but little military, (Major Miller) did the best he could.” The following week the camp held a special meeting and ceremony to mourn the death of President Lincoln. The camp then received and mustered out the remaining troops. In August 1865 a fire destroyed the headquarters building. The hospital was closed on October 5, 1865.</p><br>
<p>The camp was decommissioned and the buildings were torn down after the Native Americans left Camp Kearney. The land was returned to Ann R. Allen, Thomas Russel Allen’s widow. In June 1900 the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) held an encampment on the site. A proposal was submitted to the Iowa General Assembly to turn the former camp into a state park. It had the support of Iowa’s Civil War veterans groups, the GAR, and local citizens, but it was not accepted by the legislature. The area became a residential area, named McClellan Heights, and the southwest portion became Lindsay Park. In 1928 a plaque was placed in the park by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The plaque reads:</p><br>
<p>CAMP Mc CLELLAN</p><br>
<p>HERE WAS LOCATED A MILITARY CAMP DURING THE CIVIL WAR, AT WHICH WERE TRAINED MORE THAN HALF OF THE RECRUITS FROM IOWA.</p><br>
<p>IN 1862 SEVERAL HUNDRED SIOUX INDIANS WERE IMPRISONED HERE FOLLOWING THE MINNESOTA MASSACRE.</p><br>
<p>ERECTED BY HANNAH CALDWELL</p><br>
<p>CHAPTER, DAUGHTERS OF THE</p><br>
<p>AMERICAN REVOLUTION</p><br>
<p>1928</p><br>
<p>The park held a Civil War Muster and Mercantile Exposition annually in the 1980s. The area is now part of two historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places. The Village of East Davenport, which contains the southwest corner of the camp was listed on the register as the Davenport Village on March 17, 1980. Most of what was Camp McClellan is in the McClellan Heights Historic District, and it was listed on the National Register November 1, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Pipers are a pair of standing stones near The Hurlers stone circles, located on Bodmin Moor near the village of Minions, Cornwall, UK. They share the name with another pair of standing stones near the Merry Maidens to the south of the village of St Buryan, also in Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pipers are approximately 2 metres high and the width between them is about the same distance. They are situated about 120 metres west-south-west of the central Hurlers circle. According to folklore they represent musicians playing for three circles of dancers who were turned to stone for engaging in festivities on a holy day.</p><br>
<p>The area around the Pipers is notable in archaeology for the discovery of a bronze dagger and gold beaker along with some beads and flint at Rillaton Barrow in 1818, approximately 550 m north of the Pipers.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Burl, Aubrey, The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany (Yale University Press) 2000.</p><br>
<p>Mount Albert  is a volcanic peak which dominates the landscape of Mount Albert, a suburb of Auckland.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Albert was named after Queen Victoria&#39;s consort, Prince Albert, following a petition in 1866 to the Superintendent of Auckland Province, Frederick Whitaker.</p><br>
<p>The common Māori name of the peak is Owairaka, which means &#39;Place of Wairaka&#39;; she was the daughter of Toroa, the commander of one of the great voyaging canoes, Mātaatua. An early Māori name, less commonly used, was &#39;Te Puke-o-Ruarangi&#39;, which literally translates as the hill of Ruarangi. He was a Māori people chief and led his people to safety from Owairaka pa on top of the peak through one of the caves lower down the hill. The members of his tribe all escaped, but Ruarangi was too large and did not fit through the hole. The successful war party from the Ngāti Awa tribe were descendants from the Mātaatua canoe.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The peak, in parkland at the southern end of the suburb, is 135 m in height, and is one of the many extinct cones which dot the city of Auckland, all of which are part of the Auckland volcanic field. The age of the volcano is currently unknown. The peak was formerly the site of a Māori pā, a fortified settlement. Extensive quarrying has reduced the height of the scoria cone by about 15 m and significantly altered its shape, but a few remnants of Māori earthworks such as terracing are still visible.</p><br>
<p>Current uses of the cone include several playing fields, an archery club and a 31,500 m&sup3; water reservoir buried in a paddock on the mountain&#39;s southern side.</p><br>
<p>The Paulding County Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library in the village of Paulding, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the early twentieth century, it is a simple building that has served as the core of Paulding County&#39;s library system since its construction, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As late as the 1890s, Paulding lacked a library of any sort. Finding this situation undesirable, members of a local women&#39;s club subscribed money to establish a small collection in 1893. Ten years later, multiple groups of local citizens met to organize a public library, which began with a collection of six hundred books. In its earliest years, the library had no fixed home: it itinerated among downtown storefronts and different homes, including the house of the librarian herself.</p><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the construction of public libraries was proceeding rapidly, due in part to the generosity of steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie. Many large and small cities, such as the Ohio communities of Columbus and East Liverpool, constructed libraries with money donated by Carnegie, but none had been built in small villages such as Paulding. Nevertheless, local residents worked to secure money from Carnegie, and their efforts succeeded where all before them had failed: his grant provided for the establishment of a library to serve the entirety of Paulding County. Built with this donation, the Paulding County Carnegie Library was the first Carnegie library to serve an entire county instead of a single city.</p><br>
<p>The process of obtaining the money for the library and constructing the building with the resulting funds occupied approximately three years, beginning in 1912 and concluding in 1914. Since its completion, the library has never been significantly modified, and it remains a significant part of the community. Located on South Main Street near downtown, the library remains one of Paulding&#39;s most important community buildings and a center of local pride.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1911, Andrew Carnegies private secretary, James Bertram, published a set of guidelines that he saw as ideal for library architecture. Since three years previously, he had required libraries to submit plans for his approval before releasing money, due to what he saw as overly ornate designs being built with his employers money. The Paulding County Carnegie Library is one of the best examples of Bertram&#39;s guidelines: instead of ornate entryways and runaway detailing, its design maximizes the amount of space devoted to the interior, and the floor plan is designed for maximum efficiency. The library board chose a design submitted by a Columbus company, Howard and Merriam, which had already produced the design for the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center.</p><br>
<p>Howard and Merriam chose a design built primarily with brick walls and elements of stone. Although the main floor is elevated above ground level, the building is a single-story structure; its full basement is elevated partially above the surface of the ground. The brickwork is primarily built in a French fashion; the gray bricks are matched by details of similarly-colored limestone from Bedford, Indiana. Patrons enter the library by climbing a stairway with a stone balustrade to a central entrance that sits within a stone archway; small Palladian windows with stone pediments are placed on each side of the entrance. Among the details visible on the building&#39;s exterior are pilasters on all of its corners, string courses that parallel the lintels, multiple cartouches, and an elaborate cornice. Inside, the library features six rooms: three large book rooms, a vestibule, a lobby, and an office. The design of the interior includes elements such as marble in the vestibule, oak panels and decorations in the reading rooms, fireplaces, and Tuscan pilasters. Although its architecture is restrained, the library remains a fine example of Neoclassical architecture with a Beaux-Arts influence.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, the Paulding County Carnegie Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture and its place in local history. Most important to its place in local history was its role as the first county-level Carnegie library: its establishment prompted many other small communities to apply for library grants from the Carnegie Corporation, making it an example of the spread of the self-improvement and adult education movements to rural areas in the early twentieth century. Today, the library is one of four Paulding County historic sites on the National Register, along with the nearby Paulding County Courthouse, the former train station in Antwerp, and a round barn near Paulding.</p><br>
<p>The Paulding County Carnegie Library is the center of the Paulding County library system, which also operates branches in the villages of Antwerp, Oakwood, and Payne.</p><br>
<p>The Shriner Peak Fire Lookout is a fire lookout tower in Mount Rainier National Park. Built in 1932 to a standard design by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, the wood-frame lookout features a ground-floor storage room and an upper-level lookout and living space with windows on all four sides. A balcony extended around the perimeter of the upper level. The Shriner Peak Lookout is one of four surviving lookout stations in the park.</p><br>
<p>The lookout was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. It is part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the park&#39;s inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Yale Bridge or Lewis River Bridge spans the Lewis River near Yale, Washington. It was built in 1932 by Cowlitz and Clark counties. The suspension bridge has a clear span of 300 ft, with a total length of 532 ft, replacing a previous steel truss bridge at the site. Construction of the Ariel Dam had created Lake Merwin with a water depth of 90 ft at the site, requiring a new bridge that did not need to have support piers in the water. The road deck, stiffened by a steel Warren truss, is 50 ft above the high water line of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by Harold H. Gilbert of the Washington State Highway Department, and was constructed by the Gilpin Construction Company of Portland, Oregon. The only short-span steel suspension bridge in Washington, the bridge incorporates unique features. Only the central span is slung from the cables, with separate unloaded cables acting as backstays running from the 88.75 ft tall towers to concrete anchorages in the canyon&#39;s rocky sides. The approach spans were originally supported from below by a timber structure. The cables are discontinuous at the towers, unlike most suspension bridges in which the cables run over a saddle on the towers. With less wear, the cables could be smaller. The bridge deck is made of timbers with an asphalt overlay. The counties transferred the bridge to the Washington State Department of Highways in the late 1930s and it was rebuilt in 1957-58 with steel approach spans. It is noted for prominent brackets supporting osprey nests.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Street Historic District is a group of four attached brick commercial buildings in different architectural styles on that street in Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. They were built over a 20-year period around the end of the 19th century, when Waterbury was a prosperous, growing industrial center. In 1983 they were recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Among the four is a rare Queen Anne Style commercial building, and one of the only three Richardsonian Romanesque commercial buildings in the city. Some of Waterbury&#39;s leading architects of the time were among the designers. The four have remained intact even as later, modern development interceded between them and the contemporary buildings elsewhere downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The four buildings and their respective lots occupy an area of a quarter-acre, or a thousand square meters, most of which is covered by their footprints, at 207–231 Bank Street. This is on the east side of Bank between Grand Street and the Interstate 84 viaduct. The terrain slopes slightly to the south.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is densely developed and urban. A large modern commercial block is across the street. Driveways on the north and south give access to parking lots behind the buildings and separate the row from other modern buildings.</p><br>
<p>At the ends of the block small rows of trees buffer both Grand and the interstate. To the northeast is a small park at Grand and South Main Street. The Bank and Grand intersection is the southeast corner of the much larger Downtown Waterbury Historic District, with a concentration of buildings from the same era as the Bank Street buildings. A block to the west are the five public and private buildings, including City Hall, originally designed by Cass Gilbert as the Waterbury Municipal Center Complex.</p><br>
<p>All four buildings are at least four stories high. Three are faced in brick, and one in brownstone, with glass storefronts at street level. Small trees are planted at intervals along with sidewalk. They are all considered contributing properties.</p><br>
<h3>Pritchard Building</h3><br>
<p>The northernmost of the four is at 207–211 Bank Street. This four-story building is the only one of the four to have its west (front) facade in brownstone, done in a rough surface with granite trim, per its Richardsonian Romanesque styling. A main entrance is centrally located between two storefronts; it is topped by two iron plates with rosettes. All upper levels are fenestrated with two bays of paired windows, quoined at the sides, in modern one-over-one double-hung sash. The first and second stories are set off by heavy brownstone lintels; the third and fourth divided by a checkerboard pattern of small alternating granite and brownstone blocks. The second and third stories also have small terra cotta moldings below.</p><br>
<p>At the fourth story the rounded windows are topped with banded segmental arches. A parapet with two tiers of recessed panels is at the roofline. At either end are small pyramidal towers with crocket finials. The interior has been extensively renovated but some original wainscoting and window trim is left on the third floor.</p><br>
<h3>Whittemore Building</h3><br>
<p>The Whittemore is the next building south of the Pritchard, at 213–219 Bank Street. The last of the four built, it is a four-story Georgian Revival brick building. At the four-bay facade&#39;s street level are two storefronts, with entrances in the middle and at the south. Original cast iron pilasters with a curving, interlaced motif support a modillioned cornice of the same material.</p><br>
<p>Above, all three stories have a similar treatment. The middle two windows are wider than those on the ends. All have molded limestone sills and splayed lintels with prominent keyblocks. They are filled with eight-over-one double-hung sash; the three-part center windows have four-over-one on the sides. A continuous modillioned cornice forms the sill of the fourth-story windows. Raised brickwork at the corners suggests quoins.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the facade is an entablature with a wide dentilled and modillioned frieze below a molded overhanging cornice. Inside, the interiors are continuous with the Pritchard Building. Molded window frames on the upper floors are the only original interior finishes remaining.</p><br>
<h3>Griggs Building</h3><br>
<p>At 221–227 Bank is the Griggs Building, the largest and most ornate of the four. A steeply pitched hipped roof gives this a fifth story. That feature, its generally irregular juxtapositions of shapes and forms and its heavily decorated facade mark it as a rare commercial application of the Queen Anne Style, much more commonly used for houses during its peak period in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>On the ground floor, much of the Griggs original cast iron storefront remains. Ionic pilasters with fluted necks and intricately carved panels with a foliate motif above the middle support a stone lintel. The northernmost pilaster also includes the monogram of the buildings original owner. The entrances themselves are topped by arched transoms with fans carved in the spandrels.</p><br>
<p>A cornice with egg and dart molding above the lintel further sets off the upper stories. The facade has, on the next three stories, a group of three windows on either side of a slightly recessed central bay blind except for a large terra cotta tablet on the second story with the inscription "Griggs Building". Above it, on the third story, is another tablet with the date of construction, 1884, in a frame topped by a pediment.</p><br>
<p>Corinthian pilasters divide the windows on all three stories, supporting a plain entablature running across all three. Below the third- and fourth-story windows are terra cotta panels with a festoon carving in the middle surrounded by bead and reel, a motif that continues in the pilaster capitals. The lintels have an unusual ogee curve on their lower edge. All upper-story windows are one-over-one sash with stained glass border panes in the upper section.</p><br>
<p>The fourth story&#39;s round-arched windows have an otherwise similar treatment with some differences in detailing. The panels below are more detailed than their third story counterparts, with a spiral foliate decoration at the center and owls at the sides. The pilasters are similar, with a stringcourse of dentils at the impost line and hood molds over the arches. These break the main cornice, along with the brick piers at the corners and center bay. The windows themselves have stained glass border panes in the upper section.</p><br>
<p>From large foot scrolls on the arch tops spring the three pilasters that frame the two recessed 16-pane windows in each of the gabled dormers that pierce the roof, finished in fish-scale slate. Similar large stone scrolls form the sides of the dormers. The pilasters support a denticulated cornice, creating a pediment with an elaborate carved vine pattern. Crowning the house are brick chimneys rising above the roof from both ends, continuing the side wall.</p><br>
<p>As with the other buildings, the interior has been heavily renovated over time and most of the original finishes that remain are in the upper stories. Two skylit staircases, with turned balusters and newels and a curved molded handrail rise to the upper story in the front and rear. Off them, the hallways have simple wainscoting. Fireplaces in the front rooms have a mix of classical, Italianate and Eastlake decorative touches.</p><br>
<h3>Republican Building</h3><br>
<p>The southernmost of the group at 229–231 Bank Street, the Republican is named after one of Waterbury&#39;s daily newspapers at the time, one of the papers that merged to form the present-day Republican-American, which used it as an office. It is the shortest of the buildings, faced in brick at three and a half stories tall, four bays wide, in an eclectic mix of styles.</p><br>
<p>Its modern storefront features fluted and paneled pilasters around the main entrance and a lintel with applied geometric designs. Both stories above it have nine-over-one double-hung sash between granite sills and lintels in all four bays. In the center of the third story is a three-part semicircular window set in a splayed-brick arch, its middle section two-over-two sash.</p><br>
<p>The restrained facade is countered by a decorative peaked parapet above the semicircular window. It starts with a band of terra cotta panels in alternating circular and foliate motifs between sawtooth brick courses. Above them is a corbeled tier, with similar features serving as end brackets.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the building mostly serves as the restaurant and offices. The ground floor has been extensively remodeled to that use. Its pressed-metal ceiling is original, as are the turned balusters on the stairway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1880s Bank Street south of Grand was undeveloped, a de facto buffer between the industrial areas to the south and the commercial and civic core of downtown to the north. Some of Waterburys wealthier citizens owned the lots, intending to build large houses. The citys growth made them realize that downtown would continue to expand and that the lots would be better developed as commercial property. They built houses instead in the Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Henry C. Griggs, cofounder of the Smith and Griggs Manufacturing Company and a two-term member of the Connecticut General Assembly, which made small items like corset fasteners from the brass the city produced in great abundance, sold part of his lot to Republican editor J. Henry Morrow in 1883. Morrow built the building, the first of the four now in the district, to accommodate not only the paper&#39;s printing presses and editorial offices but its printing business. Stylistically it reflects different influences of the time. The corbelling and terra cotta panels are typical Victorian decorations, while the fanlight and fenestration anticipate the Colonial Revival style by a few decades.</p><br>
<p>The following year Griggs developed his remaining property. He hired Robert W. Hill, a former student of Henry Austin who was one of Waterburys most accomplished architects of the time, with many public buildings around Connecticut to his credit. Hills building for Griggs was a rare use of the Queen Anne Style in a commercial building. The varied surfaces, rich decoration and mixture of curved and rectilinear mark it as particularly high in that style.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1884, the Pritchard family developed its lot to the north. They hired Joseph A. Jackson, the son of an Irish immigrant carpenter who had studied under Hill and become another of Waterbury&#39;s leading architects. The rough stone facing and round arches are typical of the Romanesque Revival style popular at the time, as interpreted by Henry Hobson Richardson.</p><br>
<p>Griggs had apparently hoped the building would be among the most desirable locations in Waterbury, but he was never able to attract that kind of tenant. Shortly after it opened, the Franklin Hotel moved in from a few blocks away. At the ground level it was home to a piano tuner, photographer&#39;s studio and billiards parlor. Next door, the Republican moved out in 1896. Morrow continued to rent the building, and it eventually acquired his name.</p><br>
<p>The Pritchards sold their building in 1901. John Whittemore, the new owner, was another successful Waterbury industrialist who dabbled in real estate. In 1904, he added the south wing, designed by Henry Griggs son Walter, who by then was also a part-owner of his fathers building to the south. He had become one of the citys most accomplished architects, later to build such downtown landmarks as the nearby county courthouse, the Elton Hotel and the Lilley Building, Waterburys first steel frame commercial structure. The Georgian Revival structure he designed for his neighbor is an exemplary modest commercial effort, with its brick facing, small-pane windows and classically inspired cornice typifying a style he did not usually work in.</p><br>
<p>Later a northern addition, since demolished, was built. The entire building was known and rented as the Pritchard Block. At the time the district was listed on the Register in the early 1980s, a billboard was on the outside of the fourth floor of the Griggs building; it has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>Duloe stone circle or Duloe circle is a stone circle near the village of Duloe, located 5 mi from Looe in southeast Cornwall, England, UK.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is made of eight bright white quartzite stones placed in an oval shaped circle. Stones vary in height, the largest on the south being over 12 tons and 2.65 m high. The dimensions in a north–south direction are 11.9 m by 10.7 m. Its original width is unknown as it was moved in 1861 due to an intersecting hedge. Two of the stones were broken in the manoeuvre. It was also claimed that a bronze age urn full of bones was smashed after being found under one of the stones and allegedly crumbled into the air. It can be accessed near Duloe village on the B3254, signposted on the west of the road in a field. The site inspired the 2006 video game Barrow Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Fernacre, Fernacre stone circle or Fernacre circle is a stone circle located on the slopes of the De Lank River, 1.25 mi northeast of St Breward on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It has been suggested to mean bracken-land or come from the old plural for fairy; feren, who were said to be sacred to the ancient Cornish. The circle contains some 68 or 69 stones with a further 3 displaced within, 38 or 39 remain standing upright. They are deeply sunk into the soil with the tallest stone measuring 1.3 m high and the longest fallen stone 2.1 m. Fernacre is a marker for the start of a medieval drove road from Rough Tor to Garrow.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of what was called Fernacre farm were first recorded in 1327 AD. Numerous hut circles dot the landscape nearby and it has been suggested that the dating for Fernacre is contemporary with these. No bones or remains were found in these hut circles, only a few flaked flints gave clues to its occupation. The Fernacre settlement covered 164 acres, of which 84 show signs of having been farmed. There are signs that the circle had a retaining bank of earth on its southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Alignments</h2><br>
<p>Fernacre carries a pivotal location between Rough Tor located due north and Brown Willy located due east. Garrow Tor also lies to the east and Louden Hill to the west-southwest. It is only 100 ft from being in a direct line in an easterly direction between Stannon and Brown Willy Cairns, another small erect stone stands in this line eastwards on the way to Brown Willy which has been suggested to mark the equinox sunrise. William Page note that when viewed from the centre of Fernacre circle the sunset on 1 May would align approximately with Louden Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The Longmire Campground Comfort Stations were built in the early and mid-1930s in Mount Rainier National Park to provide public toilet facilities to automobile tourists camping in the park at Longmire. Essentially the same in design, the facilities were designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. Their construction was supervised by park landscape architect Ernest A. Davidson. The timber frame buildings followed the tenets of the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The comfort stations form a part of the Longmire Historic District, which is itself within the Mount Rainier National Park National Historic Landmark District, comprising the entire park. They are each individually listed on National Register of Historic Places, as of March 13, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Altair Campground Community Kitchen, also known as Altaire Campground Community Kitchen, was built in Olympic National Park to serve the Altair Campground. It is an open rectangular shelter built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps personnel from the Elwha River Camp in the National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>Located near the Elwha River, the peeled log structure is capped with a cedar shake roof, enclosing a cooking fireplace and chimney. It measures about 28 ft by 17 ft, with a stone cooking fireplace in the middle, rising through the roof. The lower portions of the log columns have been replaced with concrete piers due to deterioration, and the original peeled log railings have disappeared.</p><br>
<p>The Altair and Elwha Campground Community Kitchens are the only such structures remaining in Olympic National Park. The Altair campground was named after the USS Altair, whose crew regularly used the site in the 1920s and 1930s. The kitchen structure was listed on National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>By 2014 the Elwha Dam and all other dams along the Elwha River were removed. When the river flooded in November 2015, both Altair and Elwha Campgrounds were severely damaged by water. National Park Service has no plans to restore the two campgrounds. The actual state of buildings in the two areas is not clear.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha Campground Community Kitchen was built in Olympic National Park to serve the Altair Campground. It is an open octagonal shelter built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps personnel from the Elwha River Camp in the National Park Service Rustic style. The peeled log structure is capped with a cedar shake roof, enclosing a cooking fireplace and chimney. The Elwha and Altair Campground Community Kitchens are the only such structures remaining in Olympic National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha Ranger Station and the Altair Campground Community Kitchen are located nearby on the banks of the Elwha. The lower portions of the log posts have deteriorated and have been replaced with concrete piers.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen structure was listed on National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>By 2014 the Elwha Dam and all other dams along the Elwha River were removed. When the river flooded in November 2015, both Altair and Elwha Campgrounds were severely damaged by water. National Park Service has no plans to restore the two campgrounds. The actual state of buildings in the two areas is not clear.</p><br>
<p>Madauros  was a Roman-Berber city and a former diocese of the Catholic Church in the old Roman province of Numidia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Madaurus was made a Roman colony at the end of the first century and was famous for its "schola". A colony of veterans was established there; it was called Colonia Flavia Augusta Veteranorum Madaurensium under emperor Nerva. It was the native town of Apuleius, known as author of the famous novel The Golden Ass, who was born there in 123 AD. Saint Augustine of Hippo was a student there.</p><br>
<p>The city was fully Romanised in the fourth century, with a population of Christian Berbers, who spoke mainly Latin, according to Theodor Mommsen.</p><br>
<p>Madauros was the see of a Christian diocese. There were three famous bishops of this diocese: Antigonus, who celebrated the Council of Carthage (349); Placentius, who celebrated the Council of Carthage (407) and Council of Carthage (411); and Pudentius who was forced into exile, alongside others present at the Christian conference of Council of Carthage (484), because of the Vandal king Huneric.</p><br>
<p>The city of Madaurus, known since 300 BC, did not survive to the Arabic invasions of the late seventh century. Probably it was destroyed by its inhabitants themselves by order of Kahina, the so-called "Beautiful Romano-berber Queen".</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Madauros are close to the actual city of M&#39;Daourouch, in current Algeria. It is possible to see:</p><br>
<p>A Roman mausoleum with some statues.</p><br>
<p>A Roman theatre, reduced in size because of a Byzantine fortification made in 535 AD.</p><br>
<p>Some small "Roman thermae".</p><br>
<p>A Roman basilica of the Byzantine era with 3 sections of columns.</p><br>
<p>Some epitaphs, with Latin inscriptions.</p><br>
<p>New York Public Library, Harry Belafonte 115th Street Branch is a historic library building located in Harlem, New York, New York. It was designed by McKim, Mead & White and built in 1907&ndash;1908 and opened on November 6, 1908. It is a three-story-high, three-bay-wide building faced in deeply rusticated gray limestone in a Neo Italian Renaissance style. The branch was one of 65 built by the New York Public Library with funds provided by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, 11 of them designed by McKim, Mead & White. The building is 50 feet wide and features three evenly spaced arched openings on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 2017, the branch was renamed to honor Harry Belafonte.</p><br>
<p>The Dodger Point Fire Lookout was built in 1933 in Olympic National Park as a fire observation station. The single-story frame structure is located on the peak of Dodger Point above the timber line at an elevation of 5,753 ft. Measuring 14 ft by 14 ft, it is clad in wood clapboards and has a simple pitched roof covered with wood shakes. Large windows on all four sides are covered by awning-style wood shutters. It was built by the USA Forest Service in what was at the time Olympic National Forest, possibly with assistance from the Civilian Conservation Corps. During World War II, the lookout was used as an Aircraft Warning Service station. Dodger Point and Pyramid Peak Lookout are the only such stations remaining in Olympic National Park out of thirteen constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Dodger Point Lookout was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid Peak Aircraft Warning Service Lookout was built in the fall of 1942 in Olympic National Park to function as a spotter station guarding against intrusions by Japanese aircraft during World War II. The single-story frame structure is located on the southern side of Pyramid Peak. Funded by the USA Army, it was built by National Park Service employees Joe and Rena Shurnick as one of thirteen such sites within the present Olympic National Park. The 13 by shed is clad in wood shingles and has a simple pitched roof covered with wood shakes. A small woodshed is located just to the north. There are unglazed window openings on each side of the shelter. The lookout was used as an Aircraft Warning Service station until June 1944, when the AWS was abandoned. Pyramid Peak and Dodger Point Fire Lookout are the only such stations remaining in Olympic National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid Peak Lookout was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Aircraft Warning Service Observation Tower in Agnew, Washington was built in 1941 as a spotting station for Aircraft Warning Service volunteers watching for intruding Japanese airplanes during World War II. The tower&#39;s original site was near Dungeness, but in 1992 the tower was moved to its present location.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 35 ft wood-frame tower was built from donated materials behind the Fred and Jean Cook farmhouse, overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Jean Cook, as "chief observer," organized a team of 300 people to maintain a 24-hour watch. The site reported to the Port Angeles "filter center," which compiled observer reports for transmission on to the USA Army. The AWS program operated from 1941 to October 1943. Most towers were dismantled or neglected after the war. The Cook tower is the only remaining such facility in Clallam County, Washington. Owing to liability concerns, the tower was partially dismantled and moved to the property of Harriet U. Fish, who had served at the Seattle filter center. It was re-erected and repaired.</p><br>
<p>The wood-frame tower&#39;s plan measures about 8 ft by 8.5 ft, with three stories, each a single room accessed by an exterior door from the outside stairway. Windows are provided at each level, with larger windows on the top level, surrounded by a balcony. The lower levels are covered in board-and-batten siding, with wide clapboards on the top level. The roof is a pitched gable structure with deep eaves.</p><br>
<p>The tower was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1993.</p><br>
<p>Moorstown Castle is a late 15th-century stone structure consisting of a circular keep and walled courtyard or bawn. The circular tower house is unusual in Irish architecture, most tower houses being square. It was built by James Keating, an ally of the Earl of Ormond. The castle and associated lands passed to Robert Cox in 1635 and by marriage to the Greene family. It was bought by Richard Grubb through the Landed Estates Court in 1855. The property remains in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that the 17th-century Catholic priest, poet and historian Geoffrey Keating had family connections with the castle. Evidence suggests that he may have been the third son of James FitzEdmund Keating of Moorstown.</p><br>
<p>Moorstown Castle was one of the Tipperary locations used in Stanley Kubrick&#39;s 1975 epic film Barry Lyndon.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Wallace, Leo in Tipperary Historical Journal (1989)</p><br>
<p>Tunley Camp is an vallate Iron Age hill fort situated approximately 0.8 mi north-east from the small village of Camerton in the Bath and North East Somerset district of Somerset, England. The hill fort comprises the slight earthwork remains of a univallate Iron Age hillfort which now nearly ploughed down.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Tell es-Sultan  is a UNESCO-listed archaeological site in the West Bank, located two kilometres north of the centre of Jericho. The tell was inhabited from the 10th millennium BCE, and has been called "the oldest town in the world", with many significant archaeological finds; the site is also notable for its role in the history of Levantine archaeology.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Natufian hunter-gatherers, 10,000 BCE</h3><br>
<p>The first permanent settlement on the site developed between 10,000 and 9000 BCE.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 8500 BCE</h3><br>
<p>The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A phase at Tell es-Sultan (ca. 8500 – 7500 BCE) saw the emergence of one of the world&#39;s first major proto-cities. As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA), sometimes called the Sultanian era after the town. PPNA villages are characterized by small circular dwellings, burial of the dead under the floor of buildings, reliance on hunting wild game, the cultivation of wild or domestic cereals, and no use of pottery yet.</p><br>
<p>The PPNA-era town, a settlement of around 40,000 m&sup2, contained round mud-brick houses, yet no street planning. Circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 m across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.</p><br>
<p>The identity and number of the inhabitants of Jericho during the PPNA period is still under debate, with estimates going as high as 2000–3000, and as low as 200–300. It is known that this population had domesticated emmer wheat, barley and pulses and hunted wild animals.</p><br>
<p>The town was surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 m high and 1.8 m wide at the base (see Wall of Jericho), inside of which stood a stone tower (see Tower of Jericho), placed in the centre of the west side of the tell. This tower was the tallest structure in the world until the Pyramid of Djoser, and the second-oldest tower after the one at Tell Qaramel. The wall and tower were built around 8000 BCE. For the tower carbon dates published in 1981 and 1983 indicate that it was built around 8300 BCE and stayed in use until ca. 7800 BC. The wall and tower would have taken a hundred men more than a hundred days to construct, thus suggesting some kind of social organization and division of labour.</p><br>
<p>The major structures highlight the importance of the Tell for the understanding of settlement patterns in the Sultanian period in the southern Levant.</p><br>
<p>After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include ten plastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals features. These represent either teraphim or an early example of portraiture in art history, and it is thought that they were kept in peoples homes while the bodies were buried.</p><br>
<p>The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bounding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 x and 7 x) with internal divisions, the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.</p><br>
<p>Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as a shrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fit into this niche.</p><br>
<p>The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. A total of ten skulls were found. Modelled skulls were found in Tell Ramad and Beisamoun as well.</p><br>
<p>Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades, burins, scrapers, a few tranchet axes, obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were also querns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size, anthropomorphic and theriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads.</p><br>
<h3>Pottery Neolithic A and B</h3><br>
<p>See.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>A succession of settlements followed from 4500 BCE onward, the largest constructed in 2600 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Tell es-Sultan was continually occupied into the Middle Bronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Bronze Age Tell es-Sultan was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "...the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna&#39;an.... The defenses... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stone revetment... part of a complex system" of defenses (pp. 213–218). The Bronze-Age city fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Notably this carbon dating 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical dating 1550 by Kenyon.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th-9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt. Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope. By the 7th century Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment of the Tell</h3><br>
<p>After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century, whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains. The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological excavation</h2><br>
<p>The first excavations of the site were made by Charles Warren in 1868 at the request of the Palestine Exploration Fund. He dug through the mud bricks of the wall without realizing what it was, suggesting there was little of interest at the site.</p><br>
<p>Ernst Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Tell es-Sultan and Tulul Abu el-&#39;Alayiq between 1907–1909 and in 1911, finding the remains of two walls which they initially suggested supported the biblical account of the Battle of Jericho. They later revised this conclusion and dated their finds to the Middle Bronze Age (1950-1550 BC).</p><br>
<p>The site was again excavated by John Garstang between 1930 and 1936, who again raised the suggestion that remains of the upper wall was that described in the Bible, and dated to around 1400 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Extensive investigations using more modern techniques were made by Kathleen Kenyon between 1952 and 1958. Her excavations discovered a tower and wall in trench I. Kenyon provided evidence that both constructions dated much earlier than previous estimates of the site&#39;s age, to the Neolithic, and were part of an early proto-city. Her excavations found a series of seventeen early Bronze Age walls, some of which she thought may have been destroyed by earthquakes. The last of the walls was put together in a hurry, indicating that the settlement had been destroyed by nomadic invaders. Another wall was built by a more sophisticated culture in the Middle Bronze Age with a steep plastered escarpment leading up to mud bricks on top.</p><br>
<p>Lorenzo Nigro and Nicolo Marchetti conducted excavations in 1997-2000. Since 2009 the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project of excavation and restoration was resumed by Rome "La Sapienza" University and Palestinian MOTA-DACH under the direction of Lorenzo Nigro and Hamdan Taha.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological features</h2><br>
<h3>Wall of Jericho</h3><br>
<p>The PPNA-era city wall was designed for either defensive or flood protection purposes; thick and 3.7 to 5.2 m high) as well as that of the tower suggests a defensive purpose as well. It is suggested to date to approximately 8000 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Tower of Jericho</h3><br>
<p>The Tower of Jericho is an 8.5 m stone structure, built in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period around 8000 BCE. Conical in shape, the tower is almost 9 m in diameter at the base, decreasing to 7 m at the top, with walls approximately 1.5 m thick. It contains an internal staircase with 22 stone steps. The construction of the tower is estimated to have taken 11,000 working days. Recent studies by Ran Barkai from Tel Aviv University and Roy Liran have suggested astronomical and social, rather than military, purposes in the construction of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Amari  is a village and a municipality in Rethymno regional unit, Crete, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Agia Foteini. The municipal unit has an area of 277.285 km&sup2;. One of the major geographic features of Amari is the Amari Valley, a landform of high elevation known for olive cultivation. It is thought that Monastiraki was developed by Phaistos inhabitants founding a satellite center as they pushed out into the Amari Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Amari was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Kourites</p><br>
<p>Sivritos</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Amari (Επαρχία Αμαρίου) was one of the provinces of the Rethymno Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Mylopotamos  is a municipality in Rethymno regional unit, on Crete, southern Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Perama. The municipal unit has an area of 360.703 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Mylopotamos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, which became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Geropotamos</p><br>
<p>Kouloukonas</p><br>
<p>Zoniana</p><br>
<h2>Former Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Mylopotamos (Επαρχία Μυλοποτάμου) was one of the provinces of Rethymno Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Mylopotamos and Anogeia. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Modern Lefterna was the seat since 1212 of a Latin Roman Catholic Diocese of Milopotamus, which was suppressed in 1669 and turned into a Latin Titular bishopric of lowest (episcopal), which had its name changed in the 20th century into titular see of Eleutherna.</p><br>
<p>Horvat Galil is an archaeological site in the Upper Galilee, Israel, 13 km from the coast of the Mediterranean.</p><br>
<p>It was first excavated in 1986 by Professors Avi Gopher and Israel Hershkovitz and consisted of an upper Byzantine layer over a more extensive PPNB layer with which the excavations were primarily concerned. 60 m&sup2; were initially exposed and dwellings of mud bricks and lime plaster floors were examined. Several burials were found beneath the floors of the dwellings. The lithic assemblage at the site included Helwan, Byblos, Sultanian and even Aswad points and finely denticulated sickle blades, indicating an early pre-pottery inhabitation that is one of the most northern to have been excavated in Israel. Although the site has not been radiocarbon dated, sites with similar sets of tools such as Mujahia and burial customs have been dated to the second half of the 8th millennium BC.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Gopher, A., Horvat Galil and Nahal Beset I: Two Neolithic Sites in the Upper Galilee. Mitekufat Haeven, Journal or the Israel Prehistoric Society Vol. 22:82-92, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Gopher, A., Horvat Galil - An Early PPNB site in the Upper Galilee, Israel. Tel Aviv, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University 24 (2):183-222, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Panther Pond is a lake located in Raymond, Maine in Cumberland County. Panther Pond is approximately 3 mi long and 1 mi wide. The deepest part of the lake is approximately 70 ft. Panther Pond is connected to two lakes. The first, the much larger Sebago Lake is connected by a run-out of Panther Pond named Panther Run. The connection between the two lakes are separated by a dam that is opened annually to let species of fish to flow through. The other lake, Crescent Lake is connected to Panther Pond by the Tenny River.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Panther Pond contains different populations of fish, however warm water species of fish are better supported by the habitat. Panther Pond has both largemouth and smallmouth bass that are great to fish for in the summer months. Other species of fish include Landlocked Salmon, White Perch, Yellow Perch, Pickerel and Hornpout.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha Ranger Station is a historic district in Olympic National Park, originally built in the 1930s for the USA Forest Service. The complex of fourteen buildings is divided in two by Olympic Hotsprings Road. To the east lie the ranger station and three residences, with nine maintenance buildings on the west side of the road. The complex was turned over to the National Park Service in 1940 when the land was added to Olympic National Park from Olympic National Forest. Construction is typical of USFS practice, and reflects the Forest Service&#39;s preference of the time for bungalow and American Craftsman style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha area was designated as one of fifteen areas in Olympic National Forest to be used for public recreation. The "Cleator Plan," named after Forest Service recreation engineer Fred W. Cleator, envisioned the construction of appropriate structures to support these activities, including a ranger station. In the mid-1930s a Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established nearby, contributing labor for forest construction projects. When the area was taken over by the National Park Service in 1940 the complex continued in use virtually unchanged, retaining its Forest Service character.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The historic district comprises 13 contributing buildings, built between 1930 and 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha Ranger Station Office (48.01657&deg; latitude, -123.59002&deg; longitude) was built in 1932. The one-story wood frame structure is covered with half-log siding on the lower walls in two widths and shingles on the gables. The building is irregular in shape, with porches on the south and west sides, supported by log columns. The Ranger Station Residence (48.01714&deg; latitude, -123.59&deg; longitude) was also built in 1932. The 1-1/2 story frame structure is similar in construction and materials, located a little distance away from the office. The Mechanic&#39;s House (48.0165&deg; latitude, -123.58915&deg; longitude) had previously been built in 1930. This 1-1/2 story building is similar to the others. A matching woodshed is nearby (48.01654&deg; latitude, -123.58901&deg; longitude). The Bunkhouse (48.0163&deg; latitude, -123.58954&deg; longitude) was built in 1932, measuring 22 ft by 30 m. The 1-1/2 story structure is of similar construction to the others, with its own woodshed (48.01621&deg; latitude, -123.58938&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>The maintenance area across the road includes the 1930 fire cache building (48.01658&deg; latitude, -123.59093&deg; longitude), equipment shed (48.01674&deg; latitude, -123.59134&deg; longitude), equipment repair shop (48.0165&deg; latitude, -123.59151&deg; longitude) and horse barn (48.01696&deg; latitude, -123.59108&deg; longitude), all of wood frame construction. The two-story barn is covered with board-and-batten siding and has a distinctive Forest Service character. 1936 buildings include the gas and oil building (48.01629&deg; latitude, -123.59079&deg; longitude), constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps, an equipment shed (48.01624&deg; latitude, -123.5913&deg; longitude) that was moved in 1948 from the Elwha CCC camp, and a smaller lean-to shed (48.01629&deg; latitude, -123.59161&deg; longitude). The oil and grease building has a residential character, with stylized pine tree cut-outs in the gables and curved support brackets on the front porch. The equipment sheds are large gabled 1-1/2 story buildings with exposed rafter tails and prominent gable dormers.</p><br>
<p>The Elwha Ranger Station complex was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1997. The district is located between the NRHP-listed Elwha and Altair community kitchens.</p><br>
<p>Isabella Furnace was a cold blast charcoal iron furnace located in West Nantmeal Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The furnace was named for Isabella Potts, wife of one of the partners, a member of the Potts ironmaking family. Isabella was the last iron furnace to be built in the county, in 1835, and was operated by members of the Potts family and their partners until 1855, when they lost control of it in a bankruptcy. It returned to the family in 1881, when it was purchased by Col. Joseph Potts , who modernized it. The furnace, the last to operate in Chester County, went out of blast in 1894, a few months after Col. Potts death, but remained largely intact until after his sons death in 1943. The remains of the furnace complex have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original operators of the furnace were Henry Potts and his brother-in-law (and second cousin) John Potts Rutter, who bought a tract of land from Robert Wilson on April 1, 1835 for the furnace site. The land was along Perkins Run near where that stream emptied into the East Branch Brandywine Creek; the tract already included a fulling mill and a sawmill, and the transaction encompassed water rights to dam Perkins Run to power the furnace. The Potts and Rutter families were already extensively involved in the iron business in the vicinity of Philadelphia; Henrys father Joseph was a partner in Glasgow Forge, on Manatawny Creek near Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and Henry was involved in ironmaking there and at Warwick Furnace, owned by his first cousin David Potts, Jr. The furnace was completed by the end of the year and named in honor of Henrys wife Isabella, née Hitner. It proved to be the last sizable furnace erected in northern Chester County.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1836, Henrys brother David, formerly the owner of Springton Forge, was brought in as a partner and manager of the furnace. Henry retained a half interest and David and John each a quarter interest in Isabella Furnace. Ore from the furnace was obtained from the Jones and Warwick mines nearby; partners members of the allied Potts, Rutter, and Brooke families were among the partners in the mines. In 1839 and 1840, respectively, Henry and Davids brothers Robert Smith Potts and Joseph Potts were brought into the partnership. Ultimately, David bought out most of the family interest, except for a moiety held by his nephew, William A. Smith. Davids nephew Charles Follen McKim, later a noted architect, was born at Isabella in 1847. The furnace was well-run under Davids direction, and in 1850, produced 1,000 ST of iron per year. The furnace was converted to a forge in 1853. However, changing conditions in the iron market in the mid-1850s badly damaged David&#39;s financial position. Isabella Furnace was assigned to Robert Smith Potts and Addison May, who sold it in the following year to John Irey and James Butler.</p><br>
<p>Irey was a carpenter who, like David Potts, had made iron at Springton Forge. Under the new owners, the output of the forge in 1856 was 560 ST of blooms. Irey bought out Butler in 1860 and thereafter operated the forge himself. The forge was remodeled in 1864 and it was presumably then that it became a furnace again, but Irey&#39;s operations during the Civil War were not profitable.</p><br>
<p>He sold out in 1865 to the brothers Bentley H., William D., and Horace V. Smith, members of an ironmaking family associated with Joanna Furnace and the mines around Warwick. William D. and Horace V. Smith were particularly associated with the management of the furnace until 1881. About 1870, as the Wilmington and Reading Railroad built through the region on the way from Wilmington, Delaware to Birdsboro, Pennsylvania, it established a station called "Isabella" about a mile northwest of the furnace.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, a new figure appeared upon the scene: Col. Joseph D. Potts (1829–1893), son of David Potts. Raised at Isabella Furnace, he regarded it as home. Potts made a fortune in the railroad and transportation industry, in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad and elsewhere. When he retired from that business, he desired to return to the property where he had been raised and become an ironmaster, like so many of his family before him. He won over the Smith brothers, who were reluctant to sell, and closed on the property on February 28, 1880.</p><br>
<p>Potts was willing to make substantial investments in modernizing the furnace. His improvements included conversion from water to the more reliable steam power for creating the furnace blast. Potts also arranged for the construction of a spur line to the furnace from the East Brandywine and Waynesburg, which had come under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1876. This facilitated the shipment of raw materials to, and iron from, the furnace; in 1884, Isabella was reported to be using a combination of the local ores and imported Spanish ore to produce "car-wheel" pig iron, sold under the "Wyebrooke" brand. At this time, the annual capacity of the furnace had increased to 3,000 ST of iron due to the modernization. Soon after buying the furnace, Col. Potts appointed his elder son, William M. Potts, manager of the furnace; William&#39;s younger brother, Francis L. Potts, was also associated with Isabella until 1886. In that year, Isabella underwent its last rebuilding. By 1892, the furnace was using a blend of local ores, ore from Lancaster County, Elba, and Lake Superior, and reported an annual capacity of 6,000 ST.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Col. Potts began building a nearby chateau-like mansion, "Langoma" (1891–95, Theophilus P. Chandler, Jr., architect), which he intended as a residence for himself and his son William. However, he died in December 1893 and did not live to see it completed. William, his wife, and mother did move into "Langoma", but ironmaking at the furnace ended in April 1894, not long after Col. Potts&#39; death. It was the last iron furnace operating in Chester County. The furnace and railroad spur were left largely intact, although unused. The slow dilapidation of the furnace produced a remarkable aesthetic effect. Henry Seidel Canby referred in 1935 to "its moldering cupola furnace, like a Persian mosque of the twelfth century, its long walls and sleepy half-drained dam." This slow decay was accelerated after the death of William M. Potts in 1943, when the railroad was taken up and other metal was reclaimed for scrap. Even after this, HABS photographer Ned Goode said of the furnace in 1959 that "its wild setting in an over-grown field is quite striking".</p><br>
<p>After the death of William Potts, the ruined furnace was sold by his estate to Frank Bloise, who sold it in 1945 to Langoma Industries, a clothing firm with which Bloise was involved. Langoma Industries intended to set up a clothing factory and a surrounding worker&#39;s town on the Potts estate. It was still owned by Langoma Industries in 1959. Ultimately, the property was converted to a private residence by Dr. and Mrs. Daniel Leiberman, who sold the property about 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The original stack of the furnace was 33 ft high, with a 6.5 ft bosh. Either the 1864 or 1881 remodeling increased the height to 35 ft, with a 7.75 ft bosh. The last remodeling, in 1886, enlarged the stack to 60 ft.</p><br>
<p>A Hexamer General Survey plan of the furnace made in 1890 shows a number of structures arranged along the hillside sloping down to Perkins Run. Atop the hillside were a "coalhouse", "orehouse", and "screenhouse&quot three large warehouses (about 100 x 50 each) with railroad trestles running into them for the delivery and storage of raw materials. Their elevated position allowed charcoal and ore to be moved directly to a crusher house and a charging house on the edge of the hillside; the mixed coal and ore could then move across a charging bridge into the top of the furnace stack, whose base was at the foot of the hill. Attached to the base of the furnace were a "wheel house", apparently used for storing casting sand and fire brick, and a casting house where molten iron from the furnace could run into molds. Just to the northwest lay the boiler shed and blowing engine for the furnace&#39;s steam-powered tuyeres, and several ancillary buildings also lay in the floodplain on both sides of Perkins Run.</p><br>
<p>Current aerial photography shows the coalhouse, casting and crushing houses, blowing engine house, and a small storage building have been reroofed and appear to form part of a private residence. The furnace stack appears to be largely demolished, and other buildings are gone; the foundations and lower walls of the orehouse and screenhouse are still evident.</p><br>
<p>The Osnabrück Canal  or SKO, is an artificial waterway, about 14.5 km long, that links the Mittelland Canal in central Germany with the port in the town of Osnabrück. It was built between 1910 and 1915 and runs largely parallel to the unnavigable River Hase, the greatest distance between the two being about 1 km.</p><br>
<p>The 11th Armoured Division crossed the canal during World War II as it advanced across Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The branch canal begins in Bramsche-Pente near the 30.39 kilometre point of the Mittelland Canal with a surface elevation of and runs initially southwards. After about 2.5 km it crosses the boundary with the municipality of Wallenhorst where there is a yacht harbour. After 7.2 km the canal reaches the Hollager locks, where the surface elevation is raised to.</p><br>
<p>The canal now continues in a southeasterly direction into the borough of Osnabrück, where shortly thereafter a side branch, which may only be entered with permission, heads south passing the boathouses of the Osnabrück water sports clubs.</p><br>
<p>Next the canal enter the port area of Osnabrück in the quarter of Hafen: first the port of Piesberger Hafen, which used to dispatch products from the nearby quarry in the Piesberg, next the oil harbour (Ölhafen) which supplies the city with mineral oils.</p><br>
<p>At the next locks, Schleuse Haste, at km 12.7, the water level is raised to, before the federal waterway ends at 13 km. It is categorized as a class IV waterway and is the responsibility of the Minden Water and Shipping Office. Here the city port (Stadthafen) begins in which various goods are stored and transshipped. With a length of about 1.5 km the harbour basin is the terminus of the branch canal.</p><br>
<p>The Paps of Anu  are a pair of breast shaped mountains near Killarney in County Kerry, Ireland. The eastern summit is 694 m high and the western top is 690 m high.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are named after Anu; believed to have been an ancient mother goddess. Cormac&#39;s Glossary describes Anu or Danu as "the mother of the gods of Ireland". On each summit is a prehistoric cairn, which may be miniature passage graves or house burial cists. The cairn on the eastern Pap is slightly larger, with a height of 4 m and diameter of 16 m. They have been described as "stone nipples on the great breasts of the mother goddess". Archeologist Frank Coyne suggested that the mountains were seen as sacred and said "There is little doubt that the mountaintops of both The Paps…were utilized for ritual in prehistory". To the ancients, the mountains reinforced the idea that the Earth was a motherly body.</p><br>
<p>There is a stream running between the mountains. One half flows north into a small lake called Lough Nageeha and the other half flows south into the Clydagh River.</p><br>
<h2>Cahercrovdarrig</h2><br>
<p>To the northeast of the peaks is an ancient circular stone enclosure called Cahercrovdarrig (Cathair Crobh Dearg) or The City. The Paps can be clearly seen from Cahercrovdarrig and it appears that the two sites are linked. It contains a possible ruined megalithic tomb, an ogham stone, an earthen mound, a holy well and a cross-inscribed stone altar. When the water table is high enough, the water "noisily bubbles up from its depths".</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the site is named after the goddess Crobh Dearg and was originally used for Beltane ritualsand festivities. Over time, the site and the festivities became somewhat Christianized. A yearly May Day festival was held there up until World War II. According to local folklorist Dan Cronin, the festival involved music, dancing, drinking, and "champions…performing feats of valour". People would circle the well and the other features of the site while reciting prayers. They would also walk their cattle around the well as a purification ritual. In 1925 the festivities "were augmented…for the first time in modern memory, with the inclusion of a Mass". In his sermon, the priest commented that "The pagan danger is now past. Paganism is dead, or rather all the best elements in it have been absorbed into Christianity". After World War II, "all that remained of the event were the penitential rites, observed by the occasional visitor on any day of the year, and by a small crowd celebrating Mass there each May Day". A statue of Mary has been erected at the site. In 1983 a local affiliate of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann, the Irish cultural organization, working with the parish priest, reintroduced music and dance to the May Day festival at Cahercrovdarrig.</p><br>
<p>Sheffield Farms Stable was a historic stable located in Manhattanville, New York, New York. Designed by Frank A. Rooke, it was a six story, light colored brick building with terracotta ornament. It was originally built in 1903 as a two story stable building for the Sheffield Farms dairy, then expanded to its present size in 1909. It housed horses used for the delivery of pasteurized milk until July 1938. It was sold in 1942, after which it housed a real estate company, insurance company, and warehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The site is now part of Columbia Universitys new Manhattanville Campus. In 2009, Columbia contracted with the buildings owner, who ran a moving and storage business in it, to build her a new building at 51 Audubon Avenue, incorporating the stable&#39;s façade. The façade was dismantled in 2009, and reïnstalled in the new building in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Today the entire blockfront is occupied by the university&#39;s Greene Science Center, which is expected to open in the fall of 2016.</p><br>
<p>Elborough Hill is an univallate Iron Age hill fort situated approximately 1.2 mi east from the small village of Hutton and 1 mi south from the village of Elborough in the North Somerset district of Somerset, England. The site is oval shaped and is defined by a triple bank on the northern side with a double out-turned bank on the southern side.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The Briarcliff Hotel, now the Briarcliff Summit, is located at 1050 Ponce de Leon Ave. NE  in the Virginia Highland neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Asa G. Candler, Jr., the eccentric son of Coca-Cola magnate Asa Candler Sr., owned the real estate firm that built the Briarcliff in 1924. The Briarcliff is 9 stories tall in an "H" shape. It opened as "the 750", a luxury apartment building with 200 units. The architect was G. Lloyd Preacher, who also designed Atlantas City Hall. After the 1929 stock market crash, it was converted to a commercial hotel, subdivided into 400 units in order to offer cheap rates. In the late 1940s Candler reconverted the hotel into luxury apartments, taking the top floor and making it into a penthouse suite for himself and his second wife, Florence. His inlaws, Edgar Chambers, Sr and Kate Mumford Chambers, parents of his daughter Lauras husband and owners of Parks Chambers, an upscale mens clothing store in Atlanta, lived in a large apartment on the 1st floor in the building known as "1050 Briarcliff" or more simpy as "1050". In the 1960s, after the death of prominent tenants, the building was deteriorating and was sold by Candlers heirs and again called the Briarcliff Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was uniquely tied to gospel music. Hovie Lister and his Statesmen Quartet had offices at the Briarcliff. Statesmen business manager Don Butler and tenor Roland "Rosie" Rozell partnered to open the King & Prince Restaurant inside the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The building is now known as the Briarcliff Summit Apartments, providing Section 8 housing for the elderly. Residents are now all elderly with federally subsidized rent.</p><br>
<p>In January 2012, a deal was reached whereby Evergreen Partners Housing will buy the property in May 2012 and renovate the building, which according to the Patch newspaper as of January 2012 was "falling apart", in the months thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Ard Tlaili or Tell Ard Tlaili is a small tell mound archaeological site in a plain at the foot of the Lebanon Mountains northwest of Baalbeck, in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon.</p><br>
<p>IIt was first surveyed and studied in 1965–66 by Lorraine Copeland and Peter Wescombe with excavations later in the 1960s by Diana Kirkbride. The perimeter of the mound was buried under a metre of soil but the remains of rectangular buildings were found in 2 phases. Building walls were of wall made of stiff earth or clay with pebble bases and large stones in the upper layers. The floors were layered with white plaster with plastered and even burnished walls. Hearths and other areas were constructed of plaster or clay.</p><br>
<p>The wide variety of materials recovered included a stone assemblage of tools, obsidian blades, basalt bowls and hammers, clay sling ammunition, finely denticulated flint blades, scrapers, borers and a few axes. Pottery included Halafian painted shards both pattern and plain burnished with incised decoration including horizontal or vertical lines with dots, waves, zig-zags and cross-hatched designs. some with an application of red wash. These finds were significant as they represented the most southerly Halaf type painted pottery yet found. Red, orange, brown and black burnished bowls and jars were found in upper levels, with lower levels showing more coarse shards smoothed by hand or with straw. This little farming village shares the material culture of Byblos and southern Syrian and Halaf sites to the north.</p><br>
<p>The carbon 14 dating of charcoal from the different levels at Ard Tlaili gave a short date range between c. 5710 until c.5780 BC.</p><br>
<p>Hensley Settlement is an Appalachian living history museum on Brush Mountain, Bell County, Kentucky in the United States. The settlement is part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. It is located approximately 10 mi north of the park visitor center on Ridge Trail, and contains twelve homestead log cabins, a one-room school house, and a blacksmith shop. A restored spring house on the property was used by the settlement as food storage. The settlement was established by in-laws Sherman Hensley and Willy Gibbons, and most inhabitants belonged to either the Hensley or Gibbons family. The last resident was Sherman Hensley, who left in 1951. The school and some forty-five settlement structures and the agriculture environment were restored to their original state in the 1960s by the Job Corps.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The settlement dates back to 1845 when Governor William Owsley deeded 500 acre on top of Brush Mountain in the Appalachian Mountains. Brothers C. and R.M. Bales, who received the land from Owsley, leased the acreage to John Nichols and Jim Nelson, who mostly used the property for livestock. They cleared the property and made some improvements, including the construction of shake-roofed chestnut log cabins.</p><br>
<h2>Hensley</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, Barton Hensley Sr. purchased the entire acreage and divided it up into sixteen individual properties for his extended family. Hog farmer Sherman Hensley and his wife Nicey Ann, Barton Sr.s daughter, moved into an existing lob cabin on her allotted twenty-one acres. The couple purchased an additional thirty-three acres. The following year, Niceys niece Nancy and her husband Willy Gibbons also moved to the self-sustaining settlement. Most of the inhabitants of the settlement were either named Hensley or Gibbons. Everything was grown, raised and hand-made in the settlement. Transportation was either walking or a horse ride. A spring house was used for food storage.</p><br>
<h2>School house</h2><br>
<p>In 1908, Bell County provided a teacher for the newly erected one-room school house. Originally the school house was little more than a lean-to, erected so the Bell County Superintendent of Schools would agree to send a teacher for the settlement children. The school taught students up through the 8th grade. By the time the school closed in 1947, four different structures had served as the Brush Mountain school. The final structure was a log cabin that was heated by a wood and coal stove made of cast iron and located in the middle of the room. The school had no indoor plumbing or electricity. The student desks were made of wood and cast iron.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>The population peaked at about 100 in 1925. During World War II residents moved away to either join the military or to work in the coal mines. Nicey Ann died in 1937. The population dwindled until 1949 when Sherman Hensley was the only resident. When Hensley finally abandoned the property in 1951, the settlement fell into disrepair. Hensley died in 1979 and is buried beside Nicey Ann at the settlement cemetery, among thirty-six other graves.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The settlement was dedicated as part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park on July 4, 1959. The National Park Service and the Job Corps began making improvements in 1965, restoring some forty-five settlement structures and agriculture environment to its original state.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service runs the Appalachian Hensley Settlement as a living history museum and conducts tours of its forty-five settlement structures and agriculture environment May through October.</p><br>
<p>Boyd Mill Ruins is a property in Franklin, Tennessee that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built in the early 19th century, powered by the West Harpeth River. The mill was used to produce flour and corn mill for area farmers for more than 50 years. It was one of about a dozen water-powered mills in the county in the 19th century. Around 1900, the mill ceased operation, and was left to fall into ruins. The stone foundations and turbine pit are more intact than any other former mill buildings in the county, providing the best example of the importance of the milling industry within 19th century commerce.</p><br>
<p>The W.A. Boyd farm was one of the larger farms/plantations in Williamson County before and after the American Civil War. After the war, many of these were reduced in size, but the Boyd farm, which included the Boyd Mill had 528 acres.</p><br>
<p>The 157 acre Boyd-Wilson Farm, a century farm that is now also NRHP-listed, includes the Boyd Mill Ruins.</p><br>
<p>The William Boyd House, also known as All Bright Hill, is a circa 1800 double-pen house in Franklin, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>The W.A. Boyd farm was one of the largest farms or plantations in Williamson County both before and after the American Civil War. After the war, many of these were reduced in size, but the Boyd farm, which included the Boyd Mill and the William Boyd House had 528 acre. The house was of log cabin type but was expanded with a two-story colonnade.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. When listed the property included one contributing building and one non-contributing structure on 1 acre.</p><br>
<p>This house is one of five log buildings built during 1798 to 1800, during the earliest settling of the area, which survive to today. Others, also NRHP-listed, are: the William Ogilvie House, the David McEwen House, the Daniel McMahan House, and the Andrew Crockett House.</p><br>
<p>Humbug Marsh, a 1.88 km&sup2; wetland in southeastern Wayne County, Michigan, is a constituent element of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. It is listed as a RAMSAR wetland of international importance.</p><br>
<p>Although Humbug Marsh is located within heavily populated Metro Detroit, it is acclaimed as a high-quality remnant of the wetlands that once lined both sides of the international Detroit River. This slow-flowing river was a hotspot of biological diversity, particularly as a location for fish spawning. The remnant marsh is classified as a place of "importance to threatened, endangered, and vulnerable species and ecological communities."</p><br>
<p>Humbug Marsh is located on the shoreline of the Detroit River, straddling the boundary line between Gibraltar and Trenton in southeastern Wayne County, Michigan. A small offshore island (Humbug Island) is included within the official boundaries of the Marsh.</p><br>
<p>The Humbug Marsh parking lot is located at 5437 West Jefferson Avenue, Trenton, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Pettigru Street Historic District is a historic tree-lined neighborhood east of Main Street in downtown Greenville, South Carolina. It is home to 88 structures built between 1890 and 1930 with the majority built between 1910 and 1930. The area is an example of evolution of architectural style from the Victorian era to the early 1930s similar to the growth in the city of Greenville as a whole during that time.</p><br>
<p>The land belonged to the James Boyce and Rowley families until the turn of the century. At that time, the land was divided into multiple lots, development increased, and several new streets were added. It was home to the prominent business people and mill owners in the area.</p><br>
<p>Nominated in 1981, the Pettigru Street Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 making it the largest district in the city. Key properties include the Poinsett Club on East Washington Street, Hayne School on Toy Street, and Pettigru Place Bed and Breakfast on Pettigru Street.</p><br>
<p>The Olympic National Park Headquarters Historic District overlooks Port Angeles, Washington from Peabody Heights, consisting of 6 contributing buildings built in 1940-44, 8 contributing structures and 17 non-contributing properties that act as the administrative headquarters for Olympic National Park. The contributing structures were built using locally obtained native materials in a late interpretation of the National Park Service Rustic style. Native landscaping enhances the site. Much of the work was carried out by Public Works Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps workers.</p><br>
<p>The most significant building is the Administration Building (48.10096&deg; latitude, -123.43279&deg; longitude), a two-story masonry and wood frame structure with a long, horizontal design, emphasized by linear banding in the shingle cladding of the second story. The Custodians Residence or Superintendents Residence (48.10093&deg; latitude, -123.43148&deg; longitude) housed the park superintendent until the 1980s when it was converted to offices. The irregularly shaped two-story building is similar in style and materials to the headquarters.</p><br>
<p>A somewhat separated area comprises several maintenance buildings. The Gas and Oil House building (48.09972&deg; latitude, -123.43139&deg; longitude) uses coursed stone and heavy timber, with a porte-cochere extending from the front to shelter gas pumps. The Transformer Vault and Pump House (48.09982&deg; latitude, -123.43306&deg; longitude) is similar in character. The Equipment Shed/Carpenter Shop (48.09946&deg; latitude, -123.43182&deg; longitude) is a stone and frame building in a saltbox shape with projecting bracketed eaves that anticipate the Mission 66 style structures on the 1950s and 1960s. The Equipment and Supply Building (48.0992&deg; latitude, -123.43168&deg; longitude), measuring 199 ft by 32 ft is a masonry and frame building, with a large frame extension that burned in 1965. This section was replaced with a historically faithful copy in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Headquarters District is close to the park, but outside its primary boundaries. It was the first park headquarters to be situated outside its park. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Paulson House in Au Train, Michigan was built in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a state of Michigan Historic site in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Paulson House was built in 1883 by Charles Paulson, a Swede who had worked as a miner in Ishpeming and Negaunee. Paulson homesteaded the surrounding area, growing cabbages. He also owned a local gravel pit. The upper floor of the cabin was used as a school room in the early part of the 20th century. Paulson and his wife lived in the cabin until their deaths in 1925.</p><br>
<p>One of Paulson&#39;s daughters continued to live in the house until her death in the 1930s. The Russell family lived in the house from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s. The house was vacant for some time, until the 1970s when it was extensively rehabilitated both inside and out.</p><br>
<p>The house is now a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Paulson House is a 1-1/2 story, side-gable, L-shaped house, constructed of cedar logs. The main section measures 25 feet by 29 feet; a single-story addition measures 12 feet by 18 feet. The logs are V-notched, and the gables are covered with vertical siding.</p><br>
<p>The Charles R. Jonas Federal Building, also known as the United States Post Office and Courthouse, is an historic structure located at 401 West Trade Street, in Charlotte, North Carolina, which has served at various times as a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, and a United States post office. Designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore, it was completed in 1915; the building was renamed in honor of long-serving North Carolina Congressman Charles R. Jonas, and was transferred to the city in exchange for land in the fall of 2005, and has been leased back to the federal government for continued use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charles R. Jonas Federal Building is located on a site important to the history of Charlotte, and is one of the few historic structures remaining in the Central Business District.</p><br>
<p>The first branch of the USA Mint had been built on the northeast section of the site in 1836, and in 1891, a Post Office facility was built on the southwest portion of the site. The space between the two buildings was converted to a park/plaza. In 1913 the Mint functions were discontinued (the building eventually becoming the Mint Museum) and the 1891 post office building was torn down. In 1915 the first portion of what would later become the Charles R. Jonas Federal Building, a new Post Office, was built on the site of the older one. In 1934 an addition to the original Post Office was completed on the site of the Mint. The addition tripled the size of the original and changed the orientation of the main facade and entry of the building to West Trade Street at the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Federal building has historically been used for USA government buildings. That use continues today as the site of the Jonas Federal Building where the 1915-1934 building remains a symbol of the Federal presence in Charlotte. It is, in fact, the busiest statutory location for holding Federal Court in the Western District of North Carolina. Although the settlement of Charlotte dates from the colonial period, it is very much a symbol of the "new South". It has become one of the nation&#39;s most important financial and marketing centers. As a result of this, the Central Business District is now largely given over to commercial enterprises housed in new buildings. Therefore, in addition to representing the Federal government in Charlotte, the Charles R. Jonas Federal Building is one of the few historic structures remaining in the Central Business District.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The building is a two-story Neoclassical limestone structure. The main elevation (northeast) faces West Trade Street. It features a full-length colonnade, with a projecting central temple-front pavilion. On either side of the central pavilion are colonnades divided into eight bays. Massive, monolithic Corinthian columns support an entablature with denticulated cornice. Each of the three entry doors has an elaborate limestone surround featuring fluted engaged pilasters which support a decorative cornice. There are two secondary entrances with decorative limestone surrounds set within the flanking colonnades.</p><br>
<p>The southeast elevation is the main elevation of the original 1915 building and features two entries, one at either end. The entry doors are set within projecting corner pavilions. The decorative door surrounds feature fluted engaged pilasters which support a classical cornice. Flanking each entry door are original bronze wall-mounted lanterns. The central pavilion of the elevation is expressed as nine bays delineated by engaged Corinthian pilasters. The denticulated cornice and unembellished frieze are present on the southeast, northwest, and northeast.</p><br>
<p>The northwest elevation reflects the design of the southeast elevation though there are no main entry doors here. The central portion of the facade is divided into nine bays delineated by engaged pilasters. Due to the slope of the site, basement windows are above grade on this elevation. The southwest elevation features a distinctive original copper-clad loading dock.</p><br>
<p>Significant interior spaces include the main lobby and the ceremonial courtroom on the second floor. The L-shaped lobby, once a Post Office sales area, retains its original marble floors, wainscot, pilasters, light fixtures and ornamental plaster ceiling. The 1930s courtroom features wood paneling and carved door surround. An effort has been made to retain original woodwork in the second floor office spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Attribution</h2><br>
